Veritasium on Odysee

Why doesn't your heart get tired like other muscles do?

Tue, 27 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT

The secret to why your heart never gets tired...
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kap7mRzr13w

No device could prove Einstein wrong... until now

Fri, 23 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT

Can atomic clocks prove Einstein wrong? The biggest protection in the game! Go to https://NordVPN.com/veritasium and get an exclusive NordVPN deal + 4 extra months. It’s risk free with NordVPN’s 30-day money-back guarantee!

If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

Sign up for the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter

Huge thanks to NIST for their help making this video. Visit their website: https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division

Join our Patreon for a chance to get a NASA sticker that went to the edge of space during the eclipse and for early access to work-in-progress videos https://ve42.co/VePatreon

Last year, we launched Elements of Truth on Kickstarter and were thrilled by the response. We’re now in the final stages of production, and Kickstarter rewards are shipping soon. If you missed the campaign, you can now pre-order the retail edition through our new website here - https://ve42.co/YTDEcl

If you backed us on Kickstarter, don’t worry, your game will ship before any pre-orders are fulfilled.

▀▀▀
0:00 Does gravity obey the rules of quantum mechanics?
2:40 How does an atomic clock work?
6:06 Why Optical Atomic Clocks Are So Accurate
8:51 Using Lasers To Cool Atoms Down
13:47 Driving an atomic clock up a mountain
17:01 Linking Atomic Clocks Across 80 Kilometres
19:00 Flying an Atomic Clock in a Helicopter
25:11 How Do You Measure the Frequency of Light?
28:40 Optical Frequency Combs
30:42 Is Einstein Still Right?

▀▀▀
With special thanks to the experts and collaborators who made this video possible:
In order of appearance, Prof. Jonathan Oppenheim (University College London), Greg Hoth (NIST), Dr. Andrew Ludlow (NIST), Dr. Laura Sinclair (NIST), Dr. Harikesh Ranganath (NIST), Lilani Toms-Hardman (University of Western Australia), Prof. Sascha Schediwy (University of Western Australia), Dr Sabrina Slimani (University of Western Australia), Dr Benjamin Dix-Matthews (University of Western Australia).

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the University of Denver and the Meyer-Womble Observatory, the University of Western Australia and the International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, RIKEN and the University of Tokyo. In addition, to the Precision Measurement Group (PMG) in the Institute for Photonics, Advanced Sensing and Quantum Technologies (IPAS-QT) at Adelaide University who provided the two portable atomic clocks used in the UWA test. https://ve42.co/AdelaideUniversityPrecisionMeasurementGroup
In the production of this video, Rebecca Jacobson, Dr. Emily Caldwell, Dr. Kyle Latty (NIST), Nicholas Kurth, University of Colorado (Boulder), Dr. Bryn Crawford (Adelaide University), Prof. Hidetoshi Katori, A/Prof. Kai Suekane, Dr. Shota Yo and Dr. Hiutat Yang (RIKEN & University of Tokyo).

In additional research and review, Prof. David Kaiser (MIT), Prof. Scott Diddams (University of Colorado Boulder), Prof. Claudia de Rham (Imperial College London), Prof. Steven Cundiff (University of Michigan) and Dr. Derek van Westrum (NOAA National Geodetic Survey).

For their support with archive footage, the NIST Archive, Prof. Jun Ye (NIST/JILA) and Brent Doerzman.

▀▀▀
References: https://ve42.co/AtomicClockReferences

For more information on the dipole trap: https://ve42.co/HBDDipole

MIT Open Access Course: https://ve42.co/FreeLecturesHere

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, André Powell, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Bryan Ackermann, Chris Brewer, Data Don, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, EJ Alexandra, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Hong Thai Le, Hybrid Minds, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Juan Benet, Kelcey Steele, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mark Heising, Martin Paull, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Parsee Health, Paul Peijzel, Robson, Sam Lutfi, Shalva Bukia, Sinan Taifour, Sweet_Nemo, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee, Burt Humburg, Sanome, Ulf Hermjakob

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Credits
Writers: Sarah Houlton, Gregor Čavlović, Emilia Gyles
Producer and Director: Sarah Houlton
Presenters: Gregor Čavlović and Emilia Gyles
Editor: Peter Nelson
Additional Editing: James Stuart and Trenton Oliver
Animators: Alex Drakoulis, Andrew Neet, Domonkos Józsa, Emma Wright and Fabio Albertelli
Researchers: Sophia Rose and Gabe Strong
Camera Operators: James Chance, Jesse Bartlett, Sarah Houlton, Gregor Čavlović and Emilia Gyles
Thumbnail Designers: Abdallah Rabah, Daniel Ellacott and Jakub Misiek
Production Team: Anna Milkovic, Glen Griffiths, Jess Bishop-Laggett, Matthew Cavanagh
Executive Producers: Gregor Čavlović, Emilia Gyles and Derek Muller
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eyZEqSPeMwg

Is there something faster than light?

Thu, 22 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT

The experiment that broke relativity.

How an argument between Einstein and Bohr changed quantum mechanics forever.
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wxLc-gFORPQ

When you lose weight where does it go?

Thu, 15 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT

What does it mean to lose weight?

When you work out or eat less your overall size decreases. So where does this mass go?
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6U6Z6pb6ewI

The Insane Engineering of Fiber Optics

Mon, 12 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT

Why making glass fibers to send signals was almost impossible. Sponsored by Saily - 🌎 Get an exclusive 15% discount on Saily data plans! Download Saily app go to https://saily.com/veritasium Use code veritasium at checkout ⛵

If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

For the latest science news, and for an exclusive bonus Q&A with Sulli, the director of this video, sign up to the Veritasium newsletter - https://ve42.co/VeMail_FO

For early access to work in progress videos join our patreon https://ve42.co/VePatreon

▀▀▀
0:00 What are fiber optics?
2:02 Why Copper Phone Lines Had Limited Capacity
5:13 Trying To Go From Copper Communication To Glass
8:15 Why is glass so ‘lossy’?
11:29 Scattering and Absorption
16:00 How can you remove impurities in glass?
19:00 How They Make Fiber Optic Glass
26:47 The Technology that Made the Internet Possible

▀▀▀
Special thanks to the experts and collaborators who made this video possible:
Dr. Donald Keck
Prof. Vincent Chan
Sir David Payne
Dr. Nikola Alic
Jim Hayes
Jeff Hecht, whose book City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics was an invaluable resource for this video (explore his work at https://www.jeffhecht.com).
Diffraction Limited, who made the fiber kits we used and some additional simulations that were critical to our understanding (https://www.youtube.com/@DiffractionLimited)
Trulala CANDY Chef (https://www.youtube.com/@TrulalaCANDYChef)
Additional thanks to:
ROSENDAHL NEXTROM for providing animations and fiber manufacturing 3D assets: (https://rosendahlnextrom.com/fiber/)
Bay Area Glass Institute for hosting our team. (https://bagi.org/)
Prysmian for giving us a guided tour of their fiber manufacturing plant, and our two on screen experts:
Sujeet Rao, Operational Excellence Fiber Director and Jon Fitz, Technical Sales Support Sr. Manager.

▀▀▀
References: https://ve42.co/FiberRefs

Note: The skin effect explanation is simplified. The full analysis involves the eddy currents' own magnetic fields, which induce further currents, and so on. Here’s an article on the same: https://ve42.co/SkinEffectDerivation

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, André Powell, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Bryan Ackermann, Chris Brewer, Data Don, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, EJ Alexandra, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Hong Thai Le, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Juan Benet, Kelcey Steele, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mark Heising, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Parsee Health, Patreon mp22, Paul Peijzel, Robson, Sam Lutfi, Shalva Bukia, Sinan Taifour, Steven, Sweet_Nemo, Tair Aurmont, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, Vahe Andonians, wolfee

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Credits
Writers: Sulli Yost, Henry van Dyck
Producer and Director: Sulli Yost
Presenter: Henry van Dyck
Editors: George Reynolds, Trenton Oliver and Axel Oliver
Assistant Editor: James Stuart
Illustrators: Jakub Misiek, Raphael Aubry, Thomas Brizard and Emma Wright
Animators: Aleksandrs Loginovs, Alex Drakoulis, Andrew Neet, Andrew Wernette, Domonkos Józsa, Emma Wright, Fabio Albertelli, Rokas Viksraitis and Sulli Yost
Researchers: Aakash Singh Bagga, Sophia Rose, Callum Cuttle and Gabe Strong
Camera Operators: Sulli Yost, Aaron Zhizhin, Emilia Gyles and Jesse Chandler
Thumbnail Designers: Abdallah Rabah, Daniel Ellacott
Production Team: Anna Milkovic, Glen Griffiths, Jess Bishop-Laggett, Matthew Cavanagh
Executive Producers: Derek Muller, Emilia Gyles and Henry van Dyck
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NiCgcUTL9_Q

What is edge dislocation?

Fri, 09 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT

We demonstrated a crystal lattice of atoms using bubbles.
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9p3Sn8ROL4

How Dangerous Are Non-Stick Pans?

Thu, 01 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT

What happens to your body if you eat Teflon from a non-stick pan?

#pfas
#foreverchemicals
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IHkp5Kq72ro

We're trying something new...

Wed, 30 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT

Veritasium's mission has always been to get to the truth - to understand how and why things work the way they do. We love the variety of topics we're able to cover - from the real to the abstract - and the heart of that is always hard science.

But as our world is getting more complex and interesting, the team keep finding incredible stories that don't quite fit on the main channel. Stories that are less about physics and maths and more about how our society and global systems work; how a change on one side of the world can ripple through society affecting how you and I live our lives.

So some of the team have been working on a new channel about just that.

This is @InGeniusOfficial - an element of innovation.

Hosted by Latif Nasser

First video out now - https://youtu.be/eczB0uUx_k8
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ONAuUyml0yI

What happens to these balloons when you open the valve?

Thu, 24 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT

Take a balloon and fill it with lots of air. Take another one and fill it with less air. Now connect the two via a valve.

What do you think will happen when you open the valve?
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VKlulHwMxgU

The Insane Real Engineering of the Nazi Enigma Machine

Mon, 21 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT

How was the "unbreakable" enigma cracked? Sponsored by Incogni - use code veritasium at https://incogni.com/veritasium to get an exclusive 60% off your annual subscription.

If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

For the latest science news, and for an exclusive bonus Q&A with the director of this video, sign up to the Veritasium newsletter - https://ve42.co/Newsletter

For early access to work in progress videos join our patreon https://ve42.co/VePatreon

▀▀▀
0:00 Who invented Enigma?
4:16 How did Enigma work?
10:51 The Secret Spy Mansion
13:10 The First Codebreakers Who Broke Enigma
16:45 Trying To Decrypt An Enigma Message
22:35 Who was Alan Turing?
26:30 How Enigma’s Flaws Were Exploited
34:27 Breaking Enigma - The Bombe
41:39 The Naval Enigma
44:35 What did Alan Turing do after Bletchley Park?

▀▀▀
A huge thanks out to Sir Dermot Turing, Jonah Weinbaum, Andrew Fryer, John Pickles, Peter Hoath, Robert Dowell and all of the experts at Bletchley Park & The National Museum of Computing that helped make this video possible!

Shout out to Jared Owen for letting us use his 3D model of the Enigma machine! Check out his amazing video: https://youtu.be/ybkkiGtJmkM?si=fNtZF6StWhiIxRtB

Bletchley Park is a museum and heritage attraction open daily to visitors. To plan your visit and book tickets, head to: https://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/plan-a-visit/

The National Museum of Computing at Bletchley Park is an independent charity housing working historic machines. Plan your visit here: https://www.tnmoc.org/plan-your-visit

▀▀▀
Can you decrypt this unbroken Naval Enigma message? Let us know in the comments!

JCRSAJTGSJEYEXYKKZZSHVUOCTRFRCRPFVYPLKPPLGRHVVBBTBRSXSWXGGTYTVKQNGSCHVGF

Universal Enigma simulator by Daniel Palloks: https://ve42.co/EnigmaSim

▀▀▀
References: https://ve42.co/BletchleyRefs

Visual References: https://ve42.co/BletchleyVisRefs

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, André Powell, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Bryan Ackermann, Chris Brewer, Data Don, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, EJ Alexandra, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Hong Thai Le, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Juan Benet, Kelcey Steele, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mark Heising, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Moebiusol - Cristian, Orlando Bassotto, Parsee Health, Patreon mp22, Paul Peijzel, Robson, Sam Lutfi, Shalva Bukia, Sinan Taifour, Steven, Sweet_Nemo, Tair Aurmont, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, Vahe Andonians, wolfee

▀▀▀
Writers: James Moore, Gregor Čavlović, Darius Garewal & Emilia Gyles
Producer & Director: James Moore
Additional Directing: Darius Garewal
Presenters: Gregor Čavlović & Derek Muller
Editor: Peter Nelson
Additional Editing: James Stuart & Trenton Oliver
Camera Operators: Rob Newman & Darius Garewal
Animators: Emma Wright, Domonkos Józsa, Alex Drakoulis, Andrew Neet, Rokas Vikšraitis & Aleksandrs Loginovs
Illustrator: Jakub Misiek
Researchers: Darius Garewal & Gabe Strong
Thumbnail Designers: Abdallah Rabah, Daniel Ellacott & Ben Powell
Production Team: Jess Bishop-Laggett, Glen Griffiths, Matthew Cavanagh & Anna Milkovic
Executive Producers: Gregor Čavlović, Emilia Gyles, Henry van Dyck & Derek Muller

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound
& Sprach Zarathustra - Conducted by Philip Milman (https://pmmusic.pro/)
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JsBZOcqZerk

How An Orbit Can Heat A Moon

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT

How Jupiter heats its moon, just be stretching and squeezing it.
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPoJWjJ9Ao8

The Scariest Chart In Engineering

Thu, 10 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT

Why is the Smith Chart one of the scariest charts in electrical engineering?

We printed the largest one in the world to explain how it works and why it's so terrifying (to engineers at least).
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3a99HNskNk

The Most Dangerous Escalator In Europe

Sun, 06 Sep 2026 13:00:26 GMT

In 2018 football fans were leaving a stadium in Rome. They boarded an escalator down to the metro. Suddenly the machine sprung a fault.

Multiple safety systems were triggered. One after another. And then the final line failed.

This is why.
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oR94cicO7xM

A Physics Professor Bet Me $10,000 I'm Wrong...

Wed, 02 Sep 2026 13:00:04 GMT

A UCLA Physics Professor bet me $10,000 that my video (https://youtu.be/jyQwgBAaBag) about going downwind faster than the wind was wrong.

Here's how we proved it...
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F5_G0AHfYhI

We Took $10,000 From @mkbhd's Locked iPhone

Wed, 26 Aug 2026 15:00:02 GMT

There's a flaw in some virtual wallets.

We exploited this flaw to steal $10,000 from @mkbhd.

Watch the full video to find out how we did it...
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b3KpFdb1pW8

It's impossible to choose a number at random

Mon, 24 Aug 2026 13:08:34 GMT

In math you can't truly pick things at random because formulas always give the same result.

So if we can't pick randomly, how do we select anything in math?
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5U-V0y-fkSw

Could identical twins commit the perfect crime?

Tue, 18 Aug 2026 11:33:08 GMT

The DNA in twins is (almost) exactly the same.

So how could a team of forensic scientists tell which twin committed the crime?

There is a way but it has some issues...
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHAFnH3xRl4

Why does this place get the most Total Solar Eclipses?

Mon, 17 Aug 2026 14:30:16 GMT

What does an eclipse look like from the edge of space? We travelled to Spain for the 2026 total solar eclipse to find out. Sponsored by 80,000 Hours - Head to http://80000hours.org/veritasium to start planning a career that can help change the world for the better. By joining their newsletter, you’ll get a free copy of their in-depth career guide sent to your inbox.

If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

Sign up for the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter

To be in with a chance of getting a NASA sticker that went to the edge of space during the eclipse and for early access to work-in-progress videos, join our Patreon https://ve42.co/VePatreon

Last year, we launched Elements of Truth on Kickstarter and were thrilled by the response. We’re now in the final stages of production, with Kickstarter rewards shipping soon. If you missed the campaign, you can now pre-order the retail edition through our new website here - https://ve42.co/YTDEcl
If you backed us on Kickstarter, don’t worry, your game will ship before any pre-orders are fulfilled.

▀▀▀
Chapters: [someone to do, matt away?]

▀▀▀
Special thanks to the experts and collaborators who made this video possible:

The Montana State University NASA Ballooning Team, for working with us on this video and for the incredible footage of the eclipse from the edge of space.
Project Leads: Angela Des Jardins and Michael Walach
Students: Ava Arbogast, Isabel Besel, Ryder Cole, Daniel Graves, Mari Greene, Mikael Savage, Gabriel Sova, Addison Zumwalt

The Exploratorium Team, for providing their insights and footage from their livestream
© The Exploratorium
All rights reserved. Used and adapted with authorization.
The Exploratorium® is a registered trademark of The Exploratorium®.
http://www.exploratorium.edu

Michael Kirk for taking the time to chat with us and sharing his expertise.

NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center for speaking with us and for sharing details of their WB-57 aircraft eclipse mission.

The team at Astrum for their help and support on this video. We recommend you check out their video on how ESA’s Proba-3 mission uses satellites to create artificial eclipses in space and reveal the inner corona for the first time:
We’ve Seen the Sun’s Inner Corona For the First Time... and It's Not What We Expected

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References: https://ve42.co/EclipseReferences

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, André Powell, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Bryan Ackermann, Chris Brewer, Data Don, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, EJ Alexandra, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Hong Thai Le, Hybrid Minds, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Juan Benet, Kelcey Steele, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mark Heising, Martin Paull, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Parsee Health, Paul Peijzel, Robson, Sam Lutfi, Shalva Bukia, Sinan Taifour, Sweet_Nemo, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee

▀▀▀
Credits
Writers: Emilia Gyles, Gregor Čavlović and Henry van Dyck,
Producer and Director: Emilia Gyles, Gregor Čavlović and Henry van Dyck
Presenter: Emilia Gyles, Gregor Čavlović and Henry van Dyck
Editors: Peter Nelson and Trenton Oliver
Assistant Editor: James Stuart
Animators: Archie Crofton and Emma Wright
Researchers: Sophia Rose, Aakash Singh Bagga, Shourya Shrivastava and Gabe Strong
Camera Operators: Archie Crofton, Emilia Gyles, Gregor Čavlović, Henry van Dyck, James Stuart and Peter Nelson
Thumbnail Designers: Abdallah Rabah, Daniel Ellacott & Ben Powell
Production Team: Jess Bishop-Laggett, Glen Griffiths, Matthew Cavanagh, Anna Milkovic, Justin St Laurent and James Dowse
Executive Producers: Emilia Gyles, Gregor Čavlović & Henry van Dyck
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J1WoNuemKOg

How do submarines know where they are?

Thu, 06 Aug 2026 13:00:34 GMT

How does a submarine find its way 600m deep in the ocean?

Surfacing is obviously the easiest way but not when you want to stay hidden.

So how do a crew balance concealment and pathfinding?
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_1G8nrmBKeY

Can you actually swing from spider silk?

Sun, 02 Aug 2026 13:21:11 GMT

Can you really swing from spider silk? Sponsored by Henson Shaving - Head to https://hensonshaving.com/veritasium and use code “veritasium” for 100 free blades with any razor purchase. Just add both the razor and blades to your cart.

Last year, we launched the Elements of Truth game on Kickstarter and were thrilled by the response. We’re now in the final stages of production, with Kickstarter rewards shipping soon. Pre-order the retail edition here: https://ve42.co/YTSpiderSilk

If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

For weekly science news, sign up to the Veritasium newsletter - https://ve42.co/Newsletter

For early access to work-in-progress videos, join our Patreon - https://ve42.co/VePatreon

▀▀▀
00:00 Could Spider Silk Let You Swing Like Spider-Man?
00:44 Is Spider Silk Really Stronger Than Steel?
02:29 Testing Spider Silk's Tensile Strength
03:48 The Strongest Silk on Earth
05:34 Spider Silk vs Kevlar vs Steel
07:11 The Nanostructure Behind Spider Silk's Strength
08:16 Why We Can't Farm Spiders
09:58 Engineering Fake Spider Silk
14:44 From the Silk Road to CRISPR
21:09 Real-World Uses and the Ultimate Swing Test

▀▀▀
Special thanks to the experts and collaborators who made this video possible:

Professor Todd Blackledge and the Blackledge Spider Lab at the University of Akron, for welcoming us into the lab, walking us through how spiders make and use silk, and letting us put the real material to the test.

Jon Rice and the team at Kraig Biocraft Laboratories, for opening their doors, sharing their transgenic silk, patiently explaining how their engineered silkworms work, and helping make the spider-silk swing possible.

Professors Keiji Numata, Chris Holland, Sara Goodacre and Greg Holland, for generously sharing their time and expertise in our research conversations helping us understand the extraordinary diversity of spider silks, how they are spun, and how structure, water and chemistry shape their properties.

Professors Ingi Agnarsson and Thomas Scheibel, for their guidance that helped sharpen our explanation.

▀▀▀
References: https://ve42.co/SpiderSilkRefs

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, André Powell, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Bryan Ackermann, Chris Brewer, Data Don, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, EJ Alexandra, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Hong Thai Le, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Jesse Brandsoy, Juan Benet, Kelcey Steele, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mark Heising, Martin Paull, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Moebiusol - Cristian, Orlando Bassotto, Parsee Health, Paul Peijzel, Robson, Sam Lutfi, Shalva Bukia, Sinan Taifour, Sweet_Nemo, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, Vahe Andonians, wolfee

▀▀▀
Writers - Vibhor Pandey & Henry van Dyck
Producer & Director - Vibhor Pandey & Henry van Dyck
Presenters & Narration - Henry van Dyck & Derek Muller
Editors- Trenton Oliver, Axel Oliver & James Stuart
Animators - Alex Drakoulis, Andrew Neet, Domonkos Józsa, Emma Wright & Fabio Albertelli
Illustrator - Jakub Misiek
Researchers - Aakash Singh Bagga, Gabe Strong & Sophia Rose
Camera Operators: Henry van Dyck, Petr Lebedev, Casper Mebius and Ben Curtis-Dyck
Thumbnail Designers - Abdallah Rabah, Daniel Ellacott & Ben Powell
Production Team - Matthew Cavanagh, Jess Bishop-Laggett, Glen Griffiths, Josh Pitt, Luke Lewis, Anna Milkovic & Justin St-Laurent
Executive Producers - Henry van Dyck, Emilia Gyles, Casper Mebius & Derek Muller

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5 and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wt4p2oalmRY

The World's Heaviest Weight

Thu, 30 Jul 2026 13:00:16 GMT

How do you measure big forces accurately?

By calibrating your force transducer on the world's biggest weight - 1,000,000 pounds of force.

This machine ensures planes don't break apart, jets provide required thrust, and rockets make it to their destination.
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3HQkVfZ4DNY

How much LSD should you give an elephant?

Sat, 25 Jul 2026 17:29:09 GMT

The hidden math that governs life. Sponsored by Brilliant - Try Brilliant for free, plus get 20% off an annual Premium subscription at https://brilliant.org/veritasium

Last year, we launched the Elements of Truth game on Kickstarter and were thrilled by the response. We’re now in the final stages of production, with Kickstarter rewards shipping soon. Pre-order the retail edition here: https://elementsoftruth.game/

If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

For weekly science news, and an exclusive Q&A where Writer/Director Daniel Leonard discusses the making of this video, sign up to the Veritasium newsletter - https://ve42.co/Newsletter

For early access to work in progress videos join our Patreon - https://ve42.co/VePatreon

▀▀▀
0:00 How much LSD should you give an elephant?
3:09 Metabolic Rate In Animals
5:27 The Surface Law
8:04 What is Kleiber’s Law?
10:49 Why is ¼ everywhere in biology?
13:33 WBE Theory
19:53 Every animal has 1,000,000,000 heartbeats
23:11 Why Humans Live Longer
24:31 Is it better to live in a city or a small town?
30:12 Is there really a universal scaling exponent for life?

▀▀▀
Much of this video was inspired by Geoffrey West’s book: Scale. Check it out here - https://ve42.co/ScaleBook

▀▀▀
Special thanks to the experts who helped make this video possible:
Brian Enquist, whose work helped inspire this video, for sharing the story behind WBE theory and helping us make its key assumptions and derivation more accurate.

Van Savage, for the generous and detailed feedback that sharpened our explanation of WBE theory, self-similarity, and the current state of the field.

Steven Strogatz, for the insightful conversations, on-camera contribution, and careful reviews that helped us keep the mathematics clear and the story scientifically honest.

Peter Sheridan Dodds, for helping us understand the objections to WBE theory and the debate over three-quarter-power scaling.

And the many other experts who discussed this topic with us as we were developing the script, for their invaluable contributions: Luis Bettencourt, Jayanth Banavar, Aaron Clauset, Juan Rubalcaba, and Douglas Glazier.

▀▀▀
References: https://ve42.co/ScaleRefs

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, André Powell, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Bryan Ackermann, Chris Brewer, Data Don, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, EJ Alexandra, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Hong Thai Le, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Jesse Brandsoy, Juan Benet, Kelcey Steele, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mark Heising, Martin Paull, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Moebiusol - Cristian, Orlando Bassotto, Parsee Health, Paul Peijzel, Robson, Sam Lutfi, Shalva Bukia, Sinan Taifour, Sweet_Nemo, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, Vahe Andonians, wolfee

▀▀▀
Writers - Daniel Leonard, Casper Mebius & Derek Muller
Producer & Director - Daniel Leonard
Presenters & Narration - Derek Muller & Henry van Dyck
Editors - Trenton Oliver, Axel Oliver & Jonny Lennard
Assistant Editor - James Stuart
Animators - Alex Drakoulis, Andrew Neet, Domonkos Józsa, Emma Wright & Fabio Albertelli
Illustrators - Jakub Misiek & Raphael Aubry
Simulations - Callum Cuttle & Aakash Singh Bagga
Researchers - Aakash Singh Bagga, Callum Cuttle & Gabe Strong
Thumbnail Designers - Abdallah Rabah & Daniel Ellacott
Thumbnail Design Direction - Ben Powell
Production Team - Jess Bishop-Laggett, Glen Griffiths, Matthew Cavanagh, Luke Lewis, Anna Milkovic & Justin St-Laurent
Executive Producers - Casper Mebius & Derek Muller

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5 and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tL9Lw250spc

What happens to Schrödinger's cat?

Tue, 21 Jul 2026 15:31:18 GMT

Put a cat in a box with a radioactive atom. Add a radiation detector that triggers the release of poisonous cyanide gas.

Schrödinger's thought experiment was supposed to be a criticism of quantum mechanics and is now one of it's best explainers.

Here's why and what happens to the cat...
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_VB-oc_pmk

Why Waves Travel Faster At The Top

Fri, 17 Jul 2026 13:28:38 GMT

Why do objects travel with waves?

We're taught waves only transfer energy, not material, but objects wash ashore all the time.

How does this work?

#veritasium #science #physics
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RmHcX5oVzvs

The Scariest Chart In Electrical Engineering

Tue, 14 Jul 2026 18:03:28 GMT

Why is the Smith Chart one of the scariest charts in electrical engineering? Sponsored by Incogni - use code veritasium at https://incogni.com/veritasium to get an exclusive 60% off your annual subscription.

Last year, we launched the Elements of Truth game on Kickstarter and were thrilled by the response. We’re now in the final stages of production, with Kickstarter rewards shipping soon. Pre-order the retail edition here: https://elementsoftruth.game/

If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

For weekly science news, and an exclusive Q&A where Writer/Director Henry discusses the making of this video, sign up to the Veritasium newsletter - https://ve42.co/Newsletter

For early access to work in progress videos join our Patreon https://ve42.co/VePatreon

▀▀▀
A big shout out to Imperial College London for letting us use their screened RF anechoic chamber. In particular a massive thanks to Prof. Stepan Lucyszyn and Ian Rossuck for helping us set up the demos seen in this video.

Also special thanks to Zach Star, Dr. Cynthia Furse, Dr James Nagel, and Ralph Gable for their invaluable expertise!

Check out @zachstar 's video on the Smith Chart here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pXWbdxOAuDs

Check out @3blue1brown 's video to learn more about transformations and conformal maps: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ldxFjLJ3rVY

▀▀▀
References: https://ve42.co/SmithChartsRefs

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, André Powell, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Bryan Ackermann, Chris Brewer, Data Don, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, EJ Alexandra, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Hong Thai Le, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Jesse Brandsoy, Juan Benet, Kelcey Steele, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mark Heising, Martin Paull, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Moebiusol - Cristian, Orlando Bassotto, Parsee Health, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robson, Sam Lutfi, Shalva Bukia, Sinan Taifour, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, Vahe Andonians, wolfee

▀▀▀
Writer, Producer & Director: Henry van Dyck
Presenter: Henry van Dyck
Editors: Trenton Oliver, Axel Oliver & Peter Nelson
Animators: Emma Wright, Alex Drakoulis, Andrew Neet & Fabio Albertelli
Illustrator: Jakub Misiek
Researchers: Darius Garewal & Gabe Strong
Asst. Editors: James Stuart & Jonny Leonard
Simulations: Darius Garewal & Henry van Dyck
Camera/Drone Operator: Robert Newman
Additional Writing: Darius Garewal
Thumbnail Designers: Abdallah Rabah & Daniel Ellacott
Production Team: Jess Bishop-Laggett, Glen Griffiths, Matthew Cavanagh, Luke Lewis & Anna Milkovic
Executive Producers: Casper Mebius

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GK2pZ_oVU1o

The Google Interview Question Everyone Gets Wrong

Mon, 13 Jul 2026 13:57:42 GMT

The blender problem. Do you think you know the answer? Comment below!
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kP7l1agsTzQ

How does light 'know' the shortest path?

Thu, 09 Jul 2026 13:00:07 GMT

Light is the fastest thing in the universe.

In order to be this fast it always needs to take the shortest path (as it's speed cannot change).

So how does it always know what the shortest path is?
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1YeIE0vEIs

AD - Why are plants colder than their surroundings?

Tue, 07 Jul 2026 13:04:35 GMT

Plants can stay cooler than the air around them, even in full sun. How is that possible? We partnered with Anker to find out…

Pick up your Anker Prime Charger here:
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xhl5TzKZbpw

AD - Why do I get this spark when I unplug my hair dryer?

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 14:00:19 GMT

Why does a charger sometimes spark when you unplug it, even when it's switched off at the wall? We partnered with Anker to find out…

Pick up your Anker Prime Charger here:
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#AnkerTech #Anker #AnkerPrime
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dquI8khH1Zk

Why do these metronomes sync up?

Fri, 26 Jun 2026 13:00:20 GMT

Watch what happens when you start a metronome ticking on an unstable platform, out of sync with two others.

Slowly over time, they all sync up.

How does this happen?
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uPGBcVCrdg8

We Investigated How Accurate Forensic Methods Are. Here's What We Found.

Mon, 22 Jun 2026 14:40:50 GMT

How accurate is modern forensics? Sponsored by Saily - Get an exclusive 15% discount on Saily data plans! Use code veritasium at checkout. Download the Saily app or go to https://saily.com/veritasium

If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

Sign up for the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter

For early access to work-in-progress videos, join our Patreon https://ve42.co/VePatreon

Last year, we launched Elements of Truth on Kickstarter and were thrilled by the response. We’re now in the final stages of production, with Kickstarter rewards shipping soon. If you missed the campaign, you can now pre-order the retail edition through our new website here - https://ve42.co/ForensicsDes

If you backed us on Kickstarter, don’t worry, your game will ship before any pre-orders are fulfilled.

▀▀▀
0:00 The First Forensics Investigation
1:51 How accurate is hair in forensics?
3:30 Why Bite Marks Should Never Be Used In Court
5:22 Blood Splatter Analysis
8:04 How unique are fingerprints?
16:33 Is DNA evidence reliable?
21:38 How can we improve forensics as a science?

▀▀▀
Special thanks to the experts and collaborators who made this video possible:

For their fantastic insights and time in contributing to this video (in order of appearance) - Dr Mary Bush from the University at Buffalo, John Foster at the University of Greenwich, Dr Itiel Dror, and Professor Turi King.

For key expertise and consultation on the animations as well as wider research, Professor Denise Syndercombe Court of King’s College London and Dr John Butler of the National Institute for Standards and Technology.

For their expert contributions to the development and research of the video (in alphabetical order), Zack Kowalske (@TheScienceDetective), Dr Emmanuel Nsiah Amoako, Professor Nick Scurich, Derek Tremain, Dr Sophie Turfus, Theron Vines, Professor Graham Williams and Jerri Williams.

For key inspiration in the making of this video, Forensics: The Anatomy of Crime by Val McDermid, Patented: History of Inventions Podcast by History Hit, Murder Is Her Hobby: Frances Glessner Lee and The Nutshell Studies of Unexplained Death Exhibition at the Smithsonian American Art Museum, deathindiorama.com, and @forensicsprof videos on the Henry Classification System for fingerprint analysis.

▀▀▀

Reference List: https://ve42.co/ForensicsRefs

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, André Powell, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Bryan Ackermann, Chris Brewer, Data Don, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, EJ Alexandra, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Hong Thai Le, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Jesse Brandsoy, Juan Benet, Kelcey Steele, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mark Heising, Martin Paull, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Moebiusol - Cristian, Orlando Bassotto, Parsee Health, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robson, Sam Lutfi, Shalva Bukia, Sinan Taifour, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, Vahe Andonians, wolfee

▀▀▀

Writers: Sarah Houlton and Gregor Čavlović
Producer and Director: Sarah Houlton
Presenter: Gregor Čavlović
Editors: Trenton Oliver and Axel Oliver
Assistant Editors: James Stuart and Peter Nelson
Animators: Emma Wright, Domonkos Józsa, Alex Drakoulis, Andrew Neet and Fabio Albertelli
Illustrator: Jakub Misiek
Researchers: Sophia Rose and Gabe Strong
Director of Photography: Richard Ing
Camera Assistant: Jack Stevenson
Additional Camera: Sarah Houlton
Additional Writer: Sophia Rose
Thumbnail Designers: Abdallah Rabah, Daniel Ellacott, Patryk Ziolkowski and Ben Powell
Production Team: Jess Bishop-Laggett, Glen Griffiths, Matthew Cavanagh, Anna Milkovic and Justin St Laurent
Executive Producers: Gregor Čavlović and Casper Mebius

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvcesPWvUIc

This tiny magnetic blob could change how we treat brain tumors forever...

Thu, 18 Jun 2026 13:00:14 GMT

Scientists have developed a new way to provide treatment for brain tumours.

Currently we use chemotherapy, but that's like throwing a grenade at a mosquito, you end up damaging a lot more than you mean to.

This magnetic blob will help change that.
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxIsjweAAdE

The Infinite Twin Prime Problem

Sun, 14 Jun 2026 15:18:45 GMT

Do twin primes go on forever? Sponsored by Brilliant - Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to try Brilliant’s tutor for free, plus receive 20% off an annual Premium subscription

If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

Sign up for the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter

For early access to work in progress videos join our patreon https://ve42.co/VePatreon

▀▀▀

A huge thank you to Alex Kontorovich, Andrew Granville, James Maynard, Roger Heath-Brown, Dimitris Koukoulopoulos, Debmalya Basak & George Shakan for their invaluable expertise and contributions to this video!

▀▀▀
0:00 What are twin primes?
3:08 How To Find Prime Numbers
6:11 The Sieve of Eratosthenes
11:26 The Closest We’ve Come To Proving Twin Primes
15:54 Searching For A Bounded Gap
18:47 How A Subway Worker Changed The Game
29:20 Finding An Upper Bound
32:04 Maynard and Polymath
36:42 Will we solve the twin prime conjecture?

▀▀▀
References can be found here: https://ve42.co/TwinPrimesRefs

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, armedtoe, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Charles Ian Norman Venn, Daniel Martins, Data Don, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, EJ Alexandra, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, Hayden Christensen, Hong Thai Le, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Jesse Brandsoy, Jon Jamison, Juan Benet, Kelcey Steele, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mark Heising, Martin Paull, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Moebiusol - Cristian, Orlando Bassotto, Parsee Health, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robson, Sam Lutfi, Shalva Bukia, Sinan Taifour, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, Vahe Andonians, wolfee

▀▀▀
Writers: Vibhor Pandey, Casper Mebius and Alex Kontorovich
Producer & Director: Vibhor Pandey
Presenters: Derak Muller & Casper Mebius
Editors: George Reynolds & Trenton Oliver
Camera Operators: Casper Mebius & Derek Muller
Animators: Emma Wright, Andrew Neet, Alex Drakoulis, Domonkos Józsa & Fabio Albertelli
Illustrators: Jakub Misiek
Additional Editor: James Stuart
Researchers: Darius Garewal, Gabe Strong, Sophia Rose
Thumbnail Designers: Abdullah Rabah, Ben Powell, Daniel Ellacott & Patryk Ziolkowski
Production Team: Jess Bishop-Laggett, Matthew Cavanagh, Anna Milkovich & Josh Pitt
Executive Producers: Derek Muller, Casper Mebius & Emily Zhang

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8HBDE-msUjw

Zippers are stronger than you think...

Fri, 12 Jun 2026 13:00:18 GMT

How do zippers work?

We made a giant one to find out!
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_Z7FB3vfFg

How A Random System Can Actually Be Predictable

Mon, 08 Jun 2026 13:00:02 GMT

The balls in a Galton board fall down randomly. Any time they come to a junction they can take any number of paths and it's almost impossible to accurately predict every ball's trajectory.

However, the system as a whole is predictable.

How can this be? How can random systems actually be predictable?
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AUmHqD0lGHo

Why Is It So Easy To Disrupt GPS?

Fri, 05 Jun 2026 07:09:17 GMT

Something is disrupting GPS signals across Europe. Sponsored by Ground News. Go to https://ground.news/Ve for 40% off the unlimited Vantage plan.

If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

Sign up for the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter

▀▀▀
0:00 What is jamming Europe’s GPS?
4:43 How does GPS work?
10:46 How easy is it to jam GPS?
12:18 The Hunt To Find The Jammer
17:12 Who are the possible culprits?
20:06 The Investigation Goes Public
23:00 Narrowing In On The Jammer
25:15 Cosmos 2546
28:25 A Secret Messaging Service?
29:19 What happens if we lose GPS?

▀▀▀
Special thanks to the experts and collaborators who made this video possible:

Professor Todd Humphreys and Dr Zach Clements at the University of Texas at Austin, whose research this story is based on - thank you for sharing your data, your time, and the inside story of the hunt.

Ramsey Faragher, for the brilliant interview, feedback and stories that helped to shape this video.

Richard D. Easton, for helping us understand the history of GPS.

Dana Goward, President of the Resilient Navigation and Timing Foundation, for providing context on interference and alternative systems.

Richard Bowden and Luis Enrique Aguado from GMV for sharing their independent work tracing the source of the interference.

Ben Watts, for sharing his first-hand experience of GPS jamming and spoofing from the cockpit.

KeepTrack (https://keeptrack.space/) for generously giving us access to their satellite-tracking software, which we used to visualise the search through 15,000 satellites for the culprit. And to GPSWise (https://gpswise.aero/) for kindly providing their software which we used to visualise GPS jamming and spoofing.

Bartosz Ciechanowski, whose interactive GPS explainer (https://ciechanow.ski/gps/) was a great resource for research and the basis for one of our technical animations. Thank you for allowing us to build on your work.

▀▀▀
References:

Clements, Z. L., Kriezis, A., & Humphreys, T. E. (2026). Chasing Lightning: Detecting, Characterizing, and Identifying a Powerful Space-Based GNSS Interference - https://ve42.co/GNSSInterference

The rest here: https://ve42.co/GPSJammingRefs

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, André Powell, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Bryan Ackermann, Chris Brewer, Data Don, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, EJ Alexandra, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Hong Thai Le, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Jesse Brandsoy, Juan Benet, Kelcey Steele, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mark Heising, Martin Paull, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Moebiusol - Cristian, Orlando Bassotto, Parsee Health, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robson, Sam Lutfi, Shalva Bukia, Sinan Taifour, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, Vahe Andonians, wolfee

▀▀▀
Writer, Producer & Director: Emilia Gyles
Presenters: Derek Muller & Gregor Čavlović
Editor: Peter Nelson
Asst. Editor & Sound Designer: James Stuart
Animators: Domonkos Józsa, Emma Wright, Alex Drakoulis & Andrew Neet
Illustrators: Jakub Misiek & Maria Gusakovich
Stop Motion: Sulli Yost
Researchers: Aakash Singh Bagga, Sophia Rose & Callum Cuttle
Thumbnail Designers: Abdallah Rabah, Ren Hurley, Ben Powell & Daniel Ellacott
Production Team: Jess Bishop-Laggett, Matthew Cavanagh & Anna Milkovic
Executive Producers: Casper Mebius, Derek Muller & Gregor Čavlović

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tz23G_UXCGA

What really happens when you ask for directions?

Sat, 30 May 2026 14:46:43 GMT

The math behind Google Maps. Sponsored by boot.dev - Click this link https://boot.dev/?promo=VERITASIUM and use our code VERITASIUM to get 25% off your first payment for boot.dev.

If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

Sign up for the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter

For those curious about the path-count estimate: we estimated the non-backtracking paths NYC→SF, using a sparse spatial network model with mean degree ≈ 2.5 and characteristic length ≈ √N.

▀▀▀
0:00 What is a ‘shortest path algorithm’?
3:30 Dijkstra’s 20 Minute Algorithm
6:30 The First Route Planner
10:31 A* Search Algorithm
12:40 Shortest Doesn’t Mean Fastest
15:08 Road Network Hierarchy
18:29 Mapping North America - Nested Dissection
25:17 How do map apps work?
28:04 Simplicity is pre-requisite for reliability

▀▀▀
Check out @twoswap's channel for some fantastic videos!

A big thank you to Ben Strasser and Julian Dibbelt who were incredibly gracious with their time and feedback.

Thank you to all the experts we interviewed for this video: Aaron Bernstein, Tim Roughgarden, Tomas Rokicki, Jon Kleinberg, Virginia Vassilevska Williams, Peter Sanders, and the team behind the SSSP Barrier Paper: Xinkai Shu, Ran Duan, Xiao Mao, Longhui Yin, Jiayi Mao

For more information on how you choose A*'s heuristic, check out Polylog's video: https://youtu.be/A60q6dcoCjw?si=5LHOmZ8ZKvR_kLcx

If you'd like more information on Minecraft's A*, check out RedLogic's video: https://youtu.be/Zg0Cxn8AVZA?si=DyECX4wmeuSb4c1n

▀▀▀
References: https://ve42.co/DijkstraRefs

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, André Powell, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Bryan Ackermann, Chris Brewer, Data Don, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, EJ Alexandra, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Hong Thai Le, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Jesse Brandsoy, Juan Benet, Kelcey Steele, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mark Heising, Martin Paull, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Moebiusol - Cristian, Orlando Bassotto, Parsee Health, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robson, Sam Lutfi, Shalva Bukia, Sinan Taifour, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, Vahe Andonians, wolfee

▀▀▀
Writers: Sulli Yost
Producer & Director: Sulli Yost
Presenter: Henry van Dyck & Derek Muller
Editor: Jonny Lennard and Trenton Oliver
Additional Editor: James Stuart
Camera Operators: Sulli Yost & Henry van Dyck
Illustrators: Jakub Misiek & Maria Gusakovich
Animators: @twoswap, Andrew Neet, Jonny Lennard, Alex Drakoulis & Fabio Albertelli
Researchers: Aakash Singh Bagga & Callum Cuttle
Thumbnail Designers: Abdallah Rabah, Ren Hurley, Ben Powell & Daniel Ellacott
Production Team: Jess Bishop-Laggett, Glen Griffiths, Matthew Cavanagh & Anna Milkovic
Executive Producers: Casper Mebius, Gregor Čavlović & Derek Muller

Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors, available under the Open Database License: https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kS-CGkiPetQ

How An Infinite Hotel Ran Out Of Room

Thu, 28 May 2026 13:00:55 GMT

If there's a hotel with infinite rooms, could it ever be completely full?

Could you run out of space to put everyone?

The surprising answer is yes -- this is important to know if you're the manager of the Hilbert Hotel.
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OgFf_J1CP0g

Can you solve the hat riddle?

Sat, 23 May 2026 13:00:28 GMT

You and 3 amigos are buried neck deep in sand in a prison yard.

The guard says if one of you can guess your own hat colour you can all go free. You know there are two black hats and two white hats and you can only see the hats of the people in front of you.

A minute passes in silence and then one of you shouts out a correct answer.

Who shouted?

A, B, C or D?
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fF32B_sOVHA

How many batteries would it take to power a human?

Wed, 20 May 2026 15:04:02 GMT

AD How many batteries would it take to power a human? We partnered with @AnkerOfficial to find out...

Pick up your Anker Prime power bank here: https://ankerfast.club/noagy5

#AnkerTech #Anker #AnkerPrime #Veritasium #Tech
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xr2yp8JA9LU

How Alpha Particles Can Break Computer Chips

Fri, 15 May 2026 13:01:53 GMT

In the 1970s, Intel couldn't work out what was damaging the DRAM on their microchips.

The cause turned out to be the ceramic that the chip was encased in. It was secretly flipping 1s to 0s.

But how?
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zXvygWE3Ess

How does a sewing machine work?

Sun, 10 May 2026 13:00:20 GMT

Sewing machines are surprisingly genius.
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7F4pY8Td9QQ

Can the CIA really track your heartbeat from 60 km away?

Sun, 03 May 2026 19:26:56 GMT

Is the CIA’s Ghost Murmur technology real? Sponsored by Ground News. Go to https://ground.news/Ve for 40% off the unlimited Vantage plan.

If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

Sign up for the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter

▀▀▀
A huge thanks to Patrick Maletinsky at the University of Basel and Jan Jeske at the Fraunhofer Institute for their insights into NV magnetometry.

Likewise, thank you to Brad Roth at Oakland University, John Wikswo at Vanderbilt University, and Bob Fagaly at the IEEE for their input on the history and constraints of magnetometry.

Thank you to Douglas London, CIA Senior Operations Officer (Rtd), for his input on the story. His book, The Recruiter, can be found here - https://ve42.co/Recruiter

A big thanks to Herbert Lin at Stanford University and Emma Briant at the University of Notre Dame for their knowledge on deception and propaganda tactics.

▀▀▀
References:

Exclusive | 'Ghost Murmur' via the New York Post
Exclusive | Trump confirms CIA 'Ghost Murmur' tool via the New York Post
Béchard, D. E. (2026). Scientists question CIA’s claim of long-range heartbeat detection. Scientific American.
Roth, B. J. (2023). Biomagnetism: The First Sixty Years. Sensors
Doherty, M. W. et al. (2013). The nitrogen-vacancy colour centre in diamond. Physics Reports.
"Quantum Diamond Sensing: The Surprising Power of NV Centers | Ron Walsworth" by 632nm Podcast on YouTube
"Ronald Walsworth - “Quantum Diamond Sensors" by Stanford Physics on YouTube
Arai, K. et al. (2022). Millimetre-scale magnetocardiography of living rats with thoracotomy. Communications Physics.

Additional sources available here: Ghost Murmur Video - https://ve42.co/ReferencesGhost

Images & Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WmXuaHX3QeY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DkmHh6eZoZs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vrRJimixWEc

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, André Powell, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Bryan Ackermann, Cartier, Chris Brewer, Daniel Martins, Data Don, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, EJ Alexandra, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Hong Thai Le, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Jesse Brandsoy, Juan Benet, Kelcey Steele, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mark Heising, Martin Paull, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Parsee Health, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robson, Sam Lutfi, Shalva Bukia, Sinan Taifour, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, Vahe Andonians, William Yoon, wolfee

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Writer: Gregor Čavlović
Producer and Director: Gregor Čavlović
Presenter: Gregor Čavlović
Editors: Jack Saxon and James Stuart
Additional Editor: James Horsley
Animators: Emma Wright, Fabio Albertelli, and Domonkos Józsa
Researchers: Aakash Singh Bagga
Production Team: Jess Bishop-Laggett, Glen Griffiths, Matthew Cavanagh & Anna Milkovic
Executive producer: Casper Mebius

Thumbnail contributions by Abdallah Rabah, Ren Hurley, and Ben Powell

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVTPv4sI_Jc

How This Miracle Drug Disappeared Over Night

Wed, 29 Apr 2026 20:30:53 GMT

The crystals that wiped out an HIV medication, almost overnight. Thanks to SoFi for sponsoring the video! Click here to sign-up for SoFi Checking and Savings: https://sofi.com/ve

If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

Sign up for the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter

▀▀▀
Check out the excellent video by Reactions here: https://youtu.be/PccOwGEbtQU?si=NOpmaulDcoq6Kif-

This video was a huge collaborative effort!

Special thanks to…

Dr Andreas Kafizas for all his help with the Silver and Tin demonstrations, and staying up for those 14 hours with us monitoring the timelapse! As well as Conrad Duncan and the team at Imperial College London.

@ChrisYoungCooks for teaching Casper how to temper chocolate and @jameshoffmann and the team for letting us take over their studio; we had a great day!

Many thanks to Professor Adam Matzger, Professor Katharina Fromm and Professor Mike Zaworotko for taking the time to talk to us.

Also thank you to Dr. William McVicker and the British Institute of Organ Studies and Chris at Luciteria Science for helping us source our grey and white tin samples.

▀▀▀
0:00 The Disease Infecting Miracle Medicine
4:20 An Explosive Feud
10:05 How The Same Compound Can Behave Two Different Ways
13:18 Polymorphs Of Chocolate
19:51 Why Ritonavir Stopped Working
22:57 The Tin Pest
27:28 Disappearing Polymorphs
30:20 Is everything polymorphic?

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References can be found here - https://ve42.co/PolymorphRefs

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, André Powell, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Bryan Ackermann, Cartier, Chris Brewer, Daniel Martins, Data Don, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, EJ Alexandra, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Hong Thai Le, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Jesse Brandsoy, Juan Benet, Kelcey Steele, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mark Heising, Martin Paull, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Parsee Health, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robson, Sam Lutfi, Shalva Bukia, Sinan Taifour, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, Vahe Andonians, William Yoon, wolfee

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Writers: Gabe strong & Casper Mebius
Producer and Director: Gabe Strong
Presenters: Derek Muller & Casper Mebius
Editor: Trenton Oliver
Assistant Editor: James Stuart
Illustrators: Jakub Misiek, Emma Wright & Maria Gusakovich
Animators: Fabio Albertelli, Andrew Neet, Emma Wright & Alex Drakoulis
Researcher: Sophia Rose
Additional Research: Callum Cuttle
Camera Operators: Rob Newman, Casper Mebius, Gabe Strong, Callum Cuttle & Derek Muller
Voice-over Artist: Gregor Čavlović
Thumbnail Designers: Abdallah Rabah, Ren Hurley & Ben Powell
Production Team: Jess Bishop-Laggett, Glen Griffiths, Mathew Cavanagh & Anna Milkovic
Executive Producers: Derek Muller, Casper Mebius & Gregor Čavlović
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ksn5yrsC3Wg

Wombats Poop Cubes

Mon, 27 Apr 2026 13:18:46 GMT

Wombat feces are surprisingly... cube shaped.

They are the only known animal to produce this kind of poop leading scientists to work out this strange phenomenon.
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRach9lpIlg

Why don't trains make that sound anymore?

Fri, 24 Apr 2026 13:00:42 GMT

If you've been on a modern train you won't have noticed that classic "clickety-clack" sound anymore. This is because train tracks are now one continuous piece of rail without gaps.

But one long piece of metal without room to expand when hot is dangerous.

Thus, engineers had to come up with an ingenious solution involving... jagged rocks?
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MVFd0qFB9TE

The Most Radioactive Place On Earth

Sun, 19 Apr 2026 13:01:12 GMT

Where comes to mind when you think of radioactivity?

Chernobyl? Hiroshima? A banana?

The most radioactive place isn't actually where you think...
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h2KFNdLqAiU

Can you steal $10,000 from a locked iPhone?

Wed, 15 Apr 2026 16:40:38 GMT

How we hacked MKBHD! Sponsored by Incogni - Use code veritasium at https://incogni.com/veritasium to get an exclusive 60% off.

If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

Sign up for the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter

▀▀▀
0:00 Stealing $10,000 From MKBHD
4:04 How The Hack Works
8:29 High Value vs Low Value Transactions
10:18 Tricking The Card Reader
14:20 Transit Mode
15:22 Why does this hack only work with Visa?
17:10 How does RSA encryption work?
20:13 How can you prevent this hack?
21:59 What are Visa doing about it?

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A huge thank you to professors Ioana Boureanu from the University of Surrey and Tom Chothia from the University of Birmingham, for supporting us with the execution and the explanation of the hack. This video would not have been possible without their support. A big thanks, too, to the University of Surrey for hosting us.

And a shout out to Dr Andreea-Ina Radu who, as a researcher at the University of Birmingham on the “TimeTrust project" (2019-2023), actually went to the London Underground to collect the initial data that made this hack possible in the first place!

And a massive thank you to @mkbhd and his team for agreeing to be our victim for this hack, and for being such a good sport!

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References: https://ve42.co/MKBHDHackRefs

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, André Powell, Anton Ragin, armedtoe, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Cartier, Charles Ian Norman Venn, Chris Brewer, Daniel Martins, Data Don, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, EJ Alexandra, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Hong Thai Le, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Jesse Brandsoy, Juan Benet, Kelcey Steele, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mark Heising, Martin Paull, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Moebiusol - Cristian, Orlando Bassotto, Parsee Health, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robson, Sam Lutfi, Shalva Bukia, Sinan Taifour, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, Vahe Andonians, William Yoon, wolfee

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Writers: James Moore, Henry van Dyck & Gregor Čavlović
Producer & Director: James Moore
Presenter: Henry van Dyck
Editor: Peter Nelson
Animators: Emma Wright, Domonkos Józsa, Fabio Albertelli & Andrew Neet
Assistant Editor and Sound Designer: James Stuart
Researchers: Aakash Singh Bagga & Sophia Rose
Camera Operators: Andrew Abballe, Henry van Dyck & Andy Perez
Thumbnail Designers: Abdallah Rabah, Ren Hurley & Ben Powell
Production Team: Jess Bishop-Laggett, Matthew Cavanagh, Anna Milkovic & Sulli Yost
Executive Producers: Derek Muller, Gregor Čavlović & Casper Mebius

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPJ6NJkmDAo

Can something go faster than it’s pushed?

Thu, 09 Apr 2026 11:00:03 GMT

A UCLA Physics Professor bet Derek $10,000 that his video about going downwind faster than the wind was wrong.

Here's a demonstration you can do at home to see why something can move faster than the force pushing it.
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2GUah9xHVto

Why It's Almost Impossible To Ship Antimatter

Sun, 05 Apr 2026 20:07:08 GMT

The factory that makes the world's most volatile substance. Sponsored by SoFi - Join SoFi Plus today and get more for your money! Visit https://sofi.com/veritasium

If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

Sign up for the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter

▀▀▀
0:00 The Problem Of Antimatter Storage
2:18 What is particle annihilation?
6:13 The Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry
12:44 CPT Symmetry
16:28 The Wu Experiment
22:13 The Antimatter Factory
25:35 How To Make Antimatter
32:05 How do you store antimatter?
33:55 Creating Anti-Atoms
44:44 Does antimatter fall up or down?
50:18 The Portable Antimatter Trap
53:34 Antimatter Bombs

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Antimatter Simulator:
To save our servers try downloading it first here - https://ve42.co/TotalAnnihilatorDWNLD
But you can also run it on our website - https://ve42.co/TotalAnnihilator
Happy Annihilating!

▀▀▀
A sincere thank you to those who helped us understand understand and fact check different parts of this topic -- Prof. David I Kaiser, Prof, Chris Parkes, Prof. Matt Strassler, Prof. Yuval Grossman, Prof. Stephen Barr.
Another huge thank you to those at CERN who showed us the antimatter facility and aided this video -- Dr. Ruggero Caravita, Prof. Patrice Pérez, Prof. Stefan Ulmer.
To Dr. Piotr Traczyk from CERN - Thank you for giving us access to the 3D models used throughout this documentary and your expertise.

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References: https://ve42.co/AntimatterRefs

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, André Powell, Anton Ragin, armedtoe, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Charles Ian Norman Venn, Chris Brewer, Daniel Martins, Data Don, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, EJ Alexandra, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Hong Thai Le, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Jesse Brandsoy, Jose Garcia Soria, Juan Benet, Kelcey Steele, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mark Heising, Martin Paull, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Parsee Health, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robson, Sam Lutfi, Shalva Bukia, Sinan Taifour, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, Vahe Andonians, William, wolfee

▀▀▀
Writers: Lily Shepherd, Casper Mebius & Derek Muller
Producers and Directors: Lily Shepherd & Casper Mebius
Presenter: Casper Mebius
Editors: Spencer Wright, Jack Saxon, Peter Nelson and Trenton Oliver
Animators: Emma Wright, Fabio Albertelli, Andrew Neet, Alex Drakoulis & Damonkos Jozsa
Illustrators: Jakub Misiek & Maria Gusakovich
Additional Writing: Sophia Rose
Researchers: Sophia Rose, Gabe Strong, Naomi Dinmore, Darius Garewal & Callum Cuttle
Simulations: Sophia Rose and Jakub Misiek
Camera Operators: Jonathan Moy de Vitry, Lily Shepherd, Naomi Dinmore & Casper Mebius
Thumbnail Designers: Abdallah Ranah, Ren Hurley & Ben Powell
Production Team: Jess Bishop-Laggett, Matthew Cavanagh, Anna Milkovik, Katy Southwood & Josh Pitt
Executive Producers: Derek Muller, Casper Mebius & Gregor Cavlovic

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jjp3WC8Unj8